Research from engineers at Rutgers University has led to the creation of 4D-printed metamaterials that can be temporarily transformed into any shape, and then returned to their original form when introduced to heat. Just like 3D-printed materials, 4D materials build in layers but also allow environmental factors, such as temperature or pressure, to enhance physical shape.
The engineers are credited with creating a new class of metamaterials — or materials engineered to have unique properties that are not found in nature. The researchers believe that the new approach could lead to the development of products that provide better shock absorption, aerodynamics, and levels of rigidity for applications ranging from clean energy to transportation, and even medical devices.
Previously, the properties and shapes of metamaterials were irreversible after being manufactured. But the Rutgers team developed samples that can self-adjust when exposed to temperature or force. They stay rigid when struck and become soft when absorbing shock.
The stiffness can be adjusted by a factor of more than 100 in temperatures between 73° and 194° Fahrenheit. This means the materials can be temporarily transformed into any deformed shape, and then returned to their original shape when heated.
